In This Respect Influence Of The Central Nervous

In this respect influence of the central nervous system reflecting an external world and even more changeable world of feelings and thoughts, not only is not necessary, but also would be inappropriate, would disturb to that should be made under the, internal laws. So, for example, if at a rat to remove a cerebral cortex, and then reproductive function can be carried out: the fertilisation, normally proceeding childbirth and posterity feeding. It shows that the central level of regulation for reproductive function is . On the other hand, if a rat to subject to a strong emotional overstrain, for example by means of intensive sound signals there will be a deenergizing of reproductive function. Differently, the central nervous system can interfere during automatic realisation of reproductive function if there is a necessity to adapt organism activity to the requirements shown by an environment, but does not supervise this activity needlessly. Therefore in many respects functions automatically, without the control from outside the central nervous system, obeying own rhythm and the signals arriving from a body.

Clearly That The Unusual Way Of Change Of

Clearly that the unusual way of change of regulation at which the cybernetic principle peculiar to all control systems, would be transformed to a dynamo-cybernetic, corresponding to the law of a deviation of a homeostasis was necessary. The given principle also underlies organism development (as we it saw on an example of maintenance of the mechanism of puberty). Thus, in are realised simultaneously and the law of a constancy of the internal environment, and the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. But there is one more property (as parts of nervous system) which provides performance of the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. Each nervous cage is tiny gland: it makes substances which basically differ nothing from typical hormones. With reference to nervous system these substances are designated as intermediaries, or transmitters - . The matter is that nervous cages, strictly speaking, do not form a continuous network on which the electric impulse-signal would move. The wires-shoots located close to a membrane of the next nervous cage depart from a body of each nervous cage.

This Shift Provides Both Immunity Suppression, And Strengthening

This shift provides both immunity suppression, and strengthening of coagulability of blood, and, at last, increase of production of cholesterol - the important structural part of a cage without which process of cellular division is broken. All these changes occur at each emotional stress. For example, at students during examinations the cholesterol maintenance in blood - one of primary factors of development of an atherosclerosis too increases. But after all the life forces to take examinations at all only within the precincts of institute. So, frequent or long excitements, creating a false situation of protection, form typical illness of ageing - an atherosclerosis. But all negative consequences of stress as though in the future, and now, in a phase of direct restoration, everything that was described above, it is useful. Special the hormone directly from arrives in a hypophysis and therefrom in blood, detaining allocation of water by kidneys and to those helping restoration of the lost blood.

Thereby, Being Protected From External Causes Of Death,

Thereby, being protected from external causes of death, the organism not only does it by illnesses of adaptation, but also accelerates natural process of ageing. Here thus a hardship and grieves reduces days of a life. It is necessary to add still that increase a threshold at stress is caused as follows. When the cat and a dog have noticed each other, the signals estimating this event, from the central nervous system directing in system and in , stir up its activity. But any activity in system of nervous cages is connected with an expenditure of intermediaries - a nervous impulse. All vegetative system is subdivided on mutually counterbalanced two, antagonistic department - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. According to it there are two groups of mediatorov-intermediaries. It is conditionally possible to name them With - for sympathetic impulses and P-mediatory - for parasympathetic. Group S-mediatorov concern and norad-renalin - the substances structurally very close to to a hormone of alarm - to adrenaline; group P-media-torov includes and connections close to it ( ).

Differently, Maturing Of Sexual Glands "starts" The Reproduction

Differently, maturing of sexual glands "starts" the reproduction mechanism, and then and natural �destruction . Proceeding from the similar examples, many biologists come to a conclusion that the wildlife purpose - reproduction, reproduction similar; as soon as this purpose is reached, the mechanisms breaking a life join. Outwardly such construction looks rather plausibly. But we will ponder: recognising justice of this conclusion, we thereby should recognise that the nature has a purpose and that this purpose is the death of an individual after the reproduction termination. Meanwhile it is possible to confirm quite definitely: at the nature is not present and there can not be such purpose (as, however, and any another). How these can be combined each other excluding positions? That is really fixed in a genetic code of an organism, is a reproduction similar. This process should be financially secure. At , possibly, owing to a number of conditions of dwelling, the majority of sexual cages perishes after spawning, and without being impregnated.

But After All The Power System Of All

But after all the power system of all cages is constructed equally. Therefore if membranes of cages were simply delimiting covers, that, for example, the signal to strengthening of activity of cages of a liver without obstacles would be transferred to all cages of a body. It would generate chaos. Actually the cover of each cage - a membrane - is constructed in such a manner that she perceives only the signals necessary to it. In general membranes of cages consist from , mainly cholesterol which forms as though a membrane skeleton. In structure of this skeleton there are fibers and molecules of Sugars. All it together creates formations which perceive signals only necessary for a cage. These aerials, or receptors, are adjusted on perception of one signals and are tolerant to another. According to the signals arriving from receptors of a membrane, the cage changes the activity, speed of process of division etc. So, thanks to a membrane the cage answers only the signal necessary to it, or co-ordinates the first level of regulation - endocellular - with the requirements shown to a cage by an organism (fig.

Komfort Has Noticed, Two Dreams Of Mankind Throughout Centuries

Komfort has noticed, two dreams of mankind throughout centuries attracted to themselves generations of researchers. One of them is a dream of a philosophers' stone transforming metals in gold. The second, even more ancient dream - about a youth elixir. Now imaginations of alchemists became a reality, though, of course, not gold a subject of searches in nuclear transformations of elements. The dream of an eternal youth remains still not carried out. But whether means it, what the solution of laws of wildlife will not yield the person of any new, basic ways of expansion of specific limits of a life? After all the thought on transformation of metals in gold seemed centuries to serious scientists absurd as the idea about an eternal youth seems to much absurd today. Meanwhile searches of "a youth elixir" proceed. However the problem of expansion of specific limits of a life, in essence, became a futurology accessory, or prognostics; unfortunately, for this area especially big propensity is fed with the scientists who are not working directly in sphere predicted by them.

In This Pacification After A Storm Difference Of

In this pacification after a storm difference of stress from all that is connected with ageing process. Therefore we will consider in following three heads how age changes in activity of three basic systems - adaptable, reproductive and power - lead to occurrence of three normal illnesses - , a climax and adiposity, that is illnesses which with this or that speed develop always as a result of a natural deviation of the homeostasis connected with realisation of the program of development of an organism. Growing old, the person starts to live as though in a condition of chronic stress and consequently becomes more and more defenceless when the valid stress makes the demands to an organism. Time - universal . Chapter 6. Normal illness adaptable -giperadaptoz Adaptation, or the adaptation to change of factors of the external and internal environment, - one of the basic properties of a live organism. Ability to adaptation possess both monocelled, and difficult higher organisms though, naturally, it is shown at them differently.

It Reminds Warm-up Of The Sportsman Before Start

It reminds warm-up of the sportsman before start and occurs in few seconds. At last, adrenaline sharply increases ability of heart to acquire oxygen. (We will notice in brackets that at the person this protective measure can become the extremely dangerous. So, too intensive absorption of oxygen from blood heart at negative emotions can temporarily create oxygen starvation that sometimes leads to insufficiency in work of heart and even to a myocardium heart attack. But at a normal current reactions adrenaline, quickly collapsing, has time to give stimulus to the further development protection.) In by this time there are changes in concentration of intermediaries - . The expense of these substances during stress has increased - they made active the centres , supervising allocation in blood from a hypophysis , a hormone of growth and . These hormones possess the expressed ability to mobilise fat acids from fatty depots. Such influence is energetically necessary, but to use for this purpose for a long time adrenaline it is impossible: too strong vegetative storm is caused by this hormone.

Sense Organs Hand Over The Received Information In

Sense organs hand over the received information in the central nervous system. But, for example, if aerials-receptors of skin cages fix ambient temperature decrease, it still it is not enough not to freeze. It is necessary, that the information on temperature decrease has arrived in bodies which are capable to raise formation in an organism of heat and to lower its expense. Such device-regulator which is handing over the information, received from an external world, in working bodies, to corresponding cages of various fabrics, is . This heavy word - - is necessary for remembering. - a nature miracle. On the one hand, it is the typical nervous fabric consisting of cages of nervous system . These cages by means of numerous nervous fibres are connected with all departments of nervous system. Therefore everything that the nervous system "knows" about an external world or about organism private world, it easily and can quickly transfer in . On the other hand, - typical gland allocating special hormones.

The Thyroid Gland Function Which Hormones Are Necessary

The thyroid gland function which hormones are necessary for restoration of the damaged fabrics amplifies earlier braked . It occurs because the centre regulating work of a thyroid gland, in the struggle beginning its activity and when the restoration period begins brakes - stimulates. Allocation fades, and it promotes restoration of synthesis of fiber with that earlier interfered, transforming fiber into sugar. So it is consecutive, the stage behind a stage is regulated through the protection mechanism, and then - and restoration of losses if the damage which has come from an environment, is compatible to a life. We have considered, how reaction provides organism protection during moment vitally dangerous to it. But we will recollect, how the mechanism of protection against stress was carried out. There was an increase in blood of many hormones: adrenaline, a growth hormone, , , ; concentration in blood of the substances which combustion gives to an organism energy, fat acids and glucose increased; there was a cholesterol accumulation, coagulability of blood amplified, arterial pressure etc.

Therefore That Circumstance That , Provided An Organism

Therefore that circumstance that , provided an organism with energy at the expense of destruction , leads in the course of stress to immunity decrease, weakens danger of immunization against own fabrics. (Accordingly in modern medicine owing to the ability to suppress immunity has found wide application at treatment of allergic conditions, for example a bronchial asthma). and a regulator of its production a hormone - , and also possess ability to brake activity of "the sexual centre" . It is biologically expedient: while struggle is not finished, its results are unknown, and the wounded animal should not bring posterity. (So, at women long negative emotions quite often lead to the termination a cycle, and at men the sexual potentiality decreases.) Stress, eliminating all superfluous, suppresses also appetite. The Hypotalamichesky centre of appetite is braked during emotional excitation, as well as activity of digestive system. It is expedient for the sake of struggle. (One of such displays familiar to all - drying mucous in a mouth and in a throat at excitement.

As Development Mechanisms Are Realised Under The Rigid

As development mechanisms are realised under the rigid genetic program accordingly and signs of normal ageing are exclusively uniform at all individuals of each kind, including the person. Under natural conditions from many hundreds known illnesses only 8-10 serve as a cause of death of each 85 persons from 100 in advanced age. But that these illnesses arise necessarily, as though under the certain plan traced by the mechanism of development, is an optimism source. Really, if ageing and the illnesses linked to it, arose owing to action of set of the various and casual reasons it extremely would complicate counteraction searches to their development. However that optimism has fallen outside the limits the theory, the knowledge of those mechanisms which, on the one hand, define organism development is necessary, and with another - transformations of the program of development in the ageing program lead. Therefore the second problem of the book was the popular statement of existing representations about essence of the given mechanisms.

The Most Widespread View On An Origin Of

The most widespread view on an origin of the limit limiting life expectancy, is the theory of "cellular death". It is known that in culture of a fabric, that is out of an organism, some cages of a fruit of the person are capable to share 50+10 time, and then perish. If cages to take from the person more advanced age or from persons with presenilation the number of the divisions previous �destruction of a cage proportionally decreases. On the basis of this data began fashionable to consider that the hours measuring time of a life, are concluded in each cage. It is supposed that the �destruction of cages or easing of functions in those cages which do not share after the development termination, finally leads to easing and �destruction of the organism. Thus, natural death often consider as an illustration to this construction. But there is an essential supervision which does not keep within at all these frameworks. The American scientists O.Robertson and B.Vexler (1962) have removed sexual glands at several copies related to a humpback salmon of a fresh-water kind of fish and contained then them in special tanks.

It Also Prevents Premature Puberty, Its Rates Are

It also prevents premature puberty, its rates are commensurated with the general development of a body. The essence of the mechanism of age inclusion of reproductive function consists in increase of a threshold of sensitivity to braking action of sexual hormones. Thanks to this increase it is gradually released from the braking which are carried out by sexual hormones on the mechanism of a negative feedback. As a result activity , and then and a hypophysis which, in turn, stimulates with the hormones sexual glands gradually increases. However increase in blood of concentration of sexual hormones does not conduct in this situation to activity decrease : thanking all to proceeding increase of a threshold of sensitivity again and again it is released from braking influence of sexual hormones. So capacity of reproductive system increases and at the same time the mechanism of self-control peculiar to system remains. Thus, along with the mechanism which is directed on balance and constancy (homeostasis) maintenance to each given moment, there is a mechanism which provides homeostasis infringement in time and by that carries out performance of the program of times an organism.

However Thus Would Lose As Regulation Body Much.

However thus would lose as regulation body much. For influence on the processes proceeding in a body, enough considerable quantity of hormones is necessary. Therefore should spend many forces for manufacture of hormones and according to them would remain for regulation less. Action hormones, in essence, represents continuation of nervous influence, and these hormones have on a hypophysis such regulating an effect. Absence at of some working functions allows it after a signal transmission on a hypophysis to be released for perception of the new signals arriving from external and private world. So, at first sight burdensome duplication of similar functions in and a hypophysis actually creates optimum conditions for regulation realisation. , thus, is the fourth level of regulation in an organism (sm, fig. 1). The fifth level of regulation - the central nervous system including and a cerebral cortex. Continuous changes of an environment demand the constant adaptation to them of body functions.

Metabolic Promotes Cancer Development. Stress, A Mental Overstrain

Metabolic promotes cancer development. Stress, a mental overstrain also it is long the detained negative emotions cause hypertensive illness, mental depression and accelerate a cancer current. All it so. But at the same time remains doubtless: though elimination of adverse external factors can increase longevity, it cannot expand its specific limit. In what here has put? Why ageing is combined with certain group of illnesses, instead of with any illnesses from many hundreds known pathological processes? Than the specific limit of a life - physiological ageing, that is wear process, the organism exhaustion, connected with the termination of updating of its cages, or certain illnesses which arise under the influence of the internal reasons is defined? And if truly last, what it for the internal reasons which operate with such law? In wildlife there are examples of the mechanism of the death which obviously have been not connected with influence of the external reasons. For all the kind of death peculiar to the butterfly is known.

) Here It Is Necessary To Note One Very

) Here it is necessary to note one very important circumstance again. Fibers are structural and functional elements of cages. Therefore transfer of cellular fibers in sugar is very unprofitable for an organism. Hence, if it is necessary to burn difficult fibers with their numerous properties as simple fuel it is better to take these fibers from such fabrics which are quickly updated in an organism and which, the main thing, do not bear certain structural function so time reduction of weight of this fabric will appear not so damaging. Such fabric are , dispersed in lymphatic glands and in others fabrics - a spleen, a marrow and, at last, as it was found out recently, - a principal organ of cellular immunity. Many know that after strong and long excitement it is easy to be ill - virus disease. It would Seem, what the general between excitement and propensity to an infection? This interrelation is generated by use for maintenance of energy needs of an organism in stress ( . 11). But at the height of stress all these possible consequences in calculation are not accepted.

). Artificial Infringement Of System Of Adaptation Involves The

). Artificial infringement of system of adaptation involves the serious consequences. So if to remove at an animal adrenal glands - gland, without which reaction cannot be carried out to keep his life even in leaving and food perfect conditions it is possible, only constantly entering hormones of adrenal glands. But as soon as there is a situation, the dose of these hormones should be sharply increased, differently the animal will be lost because of insufficiency of system of protection. And still the organism quite often pays dearly for the ability to be protected by the adaptation. The big group of illnesses, so-called illnesses of adaptation, arises in the conditions of stress. Why? Let's consider a classical example of a meeting of a cat with a dog, analysed with the physiological point of view still Uolterom Kennonom - the founder of the doctrine about a homeostasis. We will add this example with the description reactions in the spirit of Hans Sele, but we will include here some additional details which have been found out by numerous researchers of stress in further, after basic works of Hans Sele.

And If Stability Of The Internal Environment Of

And if stability of the internal environment of an organism - the law of existence of an organism, the programmed infringement of a homeostasis - the law of development of an organism. Therefore the law of a deviation of a homeostasis co-exists with the law of a constancy of the internal environment. The sceptical reader can ask a question, however: what, actually, new in this law? After all and without it it is clear that owing to the presence of the genetic program of development should exist and the concrete mechanism providing this development. But on such, apparently, a simple question it is possible to answer, being based on the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. If there was only a law of a constancy of the internal environment, the set of the exceptions forbidding action of this law in all those conditions when organism development for development as we have just found out, is always connected with balance and stability infringement is carried out would be necessary. Differently, the law of a constancy of the internal environment without the antipode - the law of a deviation of a homeostasis - should forbid development.

With Reference To The Given Problem In Futurology

With reference to the given problem in futurology the new term, or as some assume, a new science - has been created, searching for ways is boundless to prolong a youth. However, as before, by searches of a miracle elixir in modern searches the purpose - an eternal youth is called, but ways and means to its achievement are not specified. Therefore by its comparison to the exact sciences finds out lines of irreality when puts before itself a problem of increase in life expectancy of the person till 200 years and more. After all medicine main points are not solved yet - the illnesses of ageing which are the basic barrier on a way to achievement even of a specific limit of human life which the majority of researchers is conditional are not eliminated consider 120 years. Certainly, all noted does not exclude that sometime the word, for as the outstanding physiologist, Hans Sele considers still will tell, the science develops "from dreams. To research". So, a problem of prolongation of a life - a problem ancient.

Differently, All Those Physiological Characteristics Of An Organism

Differently, all those physiological characteristics of an organism which are protected by the law of a constancy of the internal environment, do not serve for construction of natural age illnesses, occurrence do not underlie type of illnesses though these illnesses finally and lead to death from the internal reasons; that is at higher organisms natural death - death . The researches summarised in tab. on p. 49, show that the reasons underlying �destruction such, for example, of kinds far from each other as a humpback salmon, the rat and the person, practically coincide. If it was a question not of the death mechanism followed tell that this mechanism - a perfection miracle. Today it is possible to assert that the internal clocks defining longevity of higher organisms, are concluded not in each separate cage, and in regulation system. Therefore would be more exact these hours to name the Big internal clocks. That is why, perhaps, there is no special fatality in the phenomenon of natural death, and there are problems of knowledge of the mechanism of development of an organism, and first of all - its profound studying principles.

Therefore The Phenomenon About Which Just There Was

Therefore the phenomenon about which just there was a speech, I consider correct to qualify as the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. Homeostasis - a necessary condition of a life. However complexity consists in that, as the law of a deviation of a homeostasis is written down in a genetic code, that is higher organisms simultaneously submit both to the law of preservation and the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. But before to pass to detailed consideration of this question, the reader should overcome small difficulties to familiarise with some bases of a structure and functions of a human body, - and the following chapter is devoted it. This heavy word - - is necessary to remember the Hybrid nervous and systems, the place of joining of two worlds - internal and external is a miracle of the nature Chapter 3. Hierarchy of management in an organism: a role As the house is combined from bricks, the body consists of the cages connecting them of fabrics and systems; all it as a whole represents uniform supersystem of an organism.

Allocation Should Be Braked The Raised Level ;

Allocation should be braked the raised level ; a hormone of growth and - the raised level in blood of sugar and fat acids. And still simultaneously in blood at stress high concentration as hormones-regulators, and working hormones and power substrata is defined. It was already mentioned that Hans Sele, speaking about increase of activity of a hypophysis, and then and at stress, has not paid attention to that circumstance that activity increase gipotalamo-gipofizarnogo a complex cannot exist is a little long, if there will be no increase of a threshold of sensitivity to braking action of peripheral signals. Differently, if the mechanism providing performance of the law of a deviation of a homeostasis does not join. Physiological value of the mechanism of increase a threshold is very great. At its absence adaptive reaction would be always short-term, it would last so much, how many it is necessary that the mechanism of a negative feedback and system has worked would come to balance. It as we know, does not occur.

Fig. 2 Principle Of A Feedback Mechanism In

Fig. 2 Principle of a feedback mechanism in to system. - gland-regulator; And - working gland; 1 and 2 - regulating hormones; 1 and 2 - working hormones. The mechanism of a negative feedback: at increase in activity of gland And concentration of a working hormone a1 which activity of a regulator Would brake increases that in turn leads to decrease in concentration of regulating hormone 1 and accordingly to decrease in activity of gland And. The mechanism of a positive feedback: the increase in signal strength X Would increase activity of a regulator that increases level of regulating hormone 2 and, in turn, increases level of working hormone 2. Last causes the further stimulation of activity of regulator 1 etc. If stability of the internal environment - an indispensable condition of a free life of an organism an indispensable condition of development of an organism is the programmed infringement of stability. Accordingly along with the law of a constancy of the internal environment there is a law of a deviation of a homeostasis.

Meanwhile Live Systems Of Organisms Thanks To A

Meanwhile live systems of organisms thanks to a metabolism and receipt of energy from an environment that is as open systems, possess ability temporarily to counteract an interdiction imposed by thermodynamic laws of the nature. But if counteraction to these laws can be carried out at least within specific life expectancy of each individual why all the same its existence is final? Obviously, there should be any special reasons gradually breaking those properties which distinguish the nature of live organisms from all other natural phenomena. When genetics laws have been opened, and then structural bases of the genes constructed at higher organisms from difficult molecules of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) became clear, many scientific steels to consider that casual or something the caused errors in DNA structure, so-called mutations, collecting, and then gradually being reproduced in the course of cellular division or work of cages, conduct to "accident of accumulation of errors". In this situation organism work will be disorganised, as corresponds to physiological ageing.

If The Situation Which Has Caused Stress, Is

If the situation which has caused stress, is not short-term, transition to more solid power supply sources is necessary, as is provided with commissioning hypophysis hormones-kortikotropina, a growth hormone, and . From fatty stocks these hormones take fat acids which provide to heart in 6 times more energy, than glucose. Hypotalamichesky hormones, involving in maintenance reactions - a hormone of a hypophysis which knows activity of a bark of adrenal glands, strengthen protection and in some other way. This gland - a bark of adrenal glands - always becomes more active, when protection is necessary. In the beginning purely nervous impulses makes active a brain layer of adrenal glands and thereof adrenaline is allocated. Then stimulates allocation from a bark of adrenal glands of group of protective hormones the main thing from which is . possesses many of those properties by what adrenaline, but action time is allocated much more. There is as though a second transformation of a signal - at first nervous in hormonal (adrenaline emission in reply to activation ), and then the sharp hormonal answer - in long protective reaction.

Really, How Physiological Ageing Breaks A Life? Besides

Really, how physiological ageing breaks a life? Besides owing to development of illnesses. The another matter that their probability in the course of time increases. Moreover, it, as a rule, quite certain illnesses. We already mentioned that on the average and advanced age ten main illnesses from many hundreds possible serve as a cause of death of each 85 persons from 100. Them are: adiposity, a diabetes corpulent, an atherosclerosis, hypertensive illness, metabolic (exchange) , illnesses, mental depression and a cancer. These illnesses, and also a climax and for the reasons which become the reader clear a bit later, I designate as normal illnesses of ageing. There are many arguments in favour of that in occurrence of these illnesses very much external factors have great value. So, adiposity, a diabetes corpulent and an atherosclerosis result from an overeating and decrease in physical activity. In turn, adiposity causes metabolic , that is the decrease in immunity caused by superfluous use of fat as an energy source.

Cellular Elements Could Not Work As A

cellular elements could not work as a unit if in an organism there was no refined mechanism of regulation. The special role in regulation is played by nervous system and system glands. But in the difficult mechanism of regulation there are some floors, and the first of them is cellular level. A cage - a life basis. This ancient expression and now remains true, getting more and more deep sense. Each cage - the tiny carrier of a life which has subordinated own freedom of activity of an organism as a whole. In each cage of a body the genetic information, sufficient is concluded that all organism has been reproduced. This information is written down in structure of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and concluded in the genes located in a kernel. Therefore the kernel long time was considered as the main component of a cage. Then value of other components of a cage has been understood, and before scientists the surprising picture has opened. In cages of all higher organisms formations-mitohondrii, being as though have been found out by the furnace where there is a basic burning of the fuel used by an organism.

Chapter 5. The Environment And Illnesses Of Ageing

Chapter 5. The Environment and illnesses of ageing In an organism in reply to any change of conditions demanding increase of its working capacity, there is a series of the stereotypic adaptive reactions directed on maintenance of its protection. Known physiologist Hans Sele has defined set of these protective reactions as an adaptable (adaptive) syndrome, or stress. Increase or ambient temperature fall, hunger or thirst, or physical effort, an infection or a trauma, an emotional pressure or - all it causes a number of changes in an organism which unite in concept " reaction". The organism in these cases as though is not interested in details, that is that makes feature of each of the listed factors - , and reacts as a whole to damaging factor. Stressornaja reaction is especially favourable to an organism that it is stereotypic: the organism has possibility at once to start protection, having used for this purpose one fixed reaction in reply to all variety extreme , or . Adaptation reaction, or stress, perhaps, most vigilant guard of an organism for it always automatically joins and without consciousness participation, and only under the influence of unconditioned reflexes - pains or changes of structure of the internal environment (for example, at a bleeding, at decrease in level of sugar in blood owing to starvation etc.

This Very Important Position Outwardly Looks Directly Improbable:

This very important position outwardly looks directly improbable: after all all of us we know that working capacity, force, endurance of an organism decrease with the years. But all is result of ageing. We with you now speak about its process. The life in the course of ageing as though goes racing just as sooner or later something similar will occur to the thermostat if its regulator because of sensitivity decrease is all less and less to constrain rise in temperature in system. For example, it is known that heart in the course of time weakens. But this result - to easing - is preceded by increase in its sizes, that is strengthening of its capacity. A forehead of eyelids, growing old, as though moves on a ladder conducting upwards. In the light of representations about the deviation law for becomes clearer why all occurs so, instead of differently. Signs of natural ageing are defined by those changes which should be executed earlier for realisation of development of an organism. Moreover, the law of a constancy of the internal environment limits sphere of application of the law of a deviation of a homeostasis to three main systems.

But It Also Adapts An Organism For Pressure

But it also adapts an organism for pressure of an environment. Short speaking, - the main integrator of the information arriving from a body, and at the same time that collector where the information from environment joins. Moreover, and hormones influence a condition not only bodies, but also a brain, and, in particular, as would tell during former times, for a spirit condition. The same hormones which supervise milk secretion ( a hormone), barks of adrenal glands ( ) and fat mobilisation ( ), are exposed in a brain to biological transformations. As a result more simple are disconnected from these hormones on a structure of substance which influence storing and training proweight, emotional colouring of events, perception of a pain, otherwise, on development by a brain of the basic decisions. It is remarkable that some of these substances on structure remind and that speed of their formation can depend on a metabolism condition in an organism. Thus, the expression which has come to us from depths of antique time:" A sound mind in a sound body ", now it was as though materialised; this one of conditions by which stability of the internal environment of an organism is supported.

When The Temperature In A Thermostat Case Will

When the temperature in a thermostat case will exceed set, that is necessary, a mercury column in the relay, rising from heating, will switch off an energy source. Thus, will work a feedback mechanism. On the contrary, as soon as the system starts to be cooled, the mercury column decreases also it again includes a source of a power food. Some systems which support a constancy of the internal environment, are strictly regulated according to mechanisms of negative communication. These systems provide performance of the law of a constancy of the internal environment of an organism. But if in system all is counterbalanced, all is strictly commensurated, how there can be that additional energy and that additional "a building material" which should be spent for development and organism growth? Having asked this question, it is easy to come to a conclusion that the constancy of the internal environment, in essence, forbids organism development. In what image this contradiction between stability - a life basis, and development - a life source is authorised? To consideration of it we now also will pass.

But What Image Provides Capacity Strengthening The System

But what image provides capacity strengthening the system protected by the law of a constancy of the internal environment? Studying of this question leads to a conclusion that the law of a deviation of a homeostasis extends not on all adjustable functions of a live organism, and only on three of them. But these three functions supervise three basic properties of a live organism. The property distinguishing live system from lifeless, is ability of live system to reproduction, the adaptation (adaptation) and regulation of a stream of energy (or a metabolism). The Metabolism providing maintenance of power processes, is the main thing from three basic properties of live system. Finally the live system is the power car consuming fuel - food for maintenance of the structure and activity. At the same time activity of live system is substantially subordinated to adaptation requirements - to the adaptation to varying conditions of the external and internal environment of an organism. The above ability to adaptation, the above viability of system.

These Kinds Of Fuel In A Healthy Organism

These kinds of fuel in a healthy organism are used serially. For example, at night when the food does not arrive, the basic fuel - fat acids. Moreover, in a muscular fabric carbohydrates do not burn down completely in a flame of fats. In blood the stock of glucose serving to provision of energy of nervous system is formed. When the quantity of fat increases in an organism, as it takes place at pregnancy from fatty depots fat acids start to filter as though into blood. Therefore at increase in concentration of fat acids which brake use by glucose fabrics, concentration of glucose in blood after meal even more increases. There is a phenomenon which is peculiar to a diabetes. Decrease in power use of glucose is accompanied by increase in use of an alternative kind of fuel - fat acids, their concentration in blood increases. But fat acids almost do not pass to a fruit through a placentary barrier. Therefore in a parent organism cholesterol is formed of products of combustion of fat acids in the raised quantity - that structural component which is necessary for "assemblage" of covers of cages and for manufacture by a fruit of some hormones.

On An Example Of The Mechanism Of �Destruction

On an example of the mechanism of �destruction becomes obvious that at the heart of death regulation infringements, that is functional and consequently basically reversible infringements lie. In other words, the programmed �destruction is connected with infringement of the law of a constancy of the internal environment of an organism, or with deviation from the basic biological law. As a result excessive increase of level of cholesterol almost directly leads to death. Now we will be set by two more questions. What causes change in cholesterol? And whether the infringements observed at are, or the death type is observed by a special case in the nature and at other kinds, including the person? Clearly that these questions in a certain measure are interconnected. It is necessary to notice that if the example with a humpback salmon is in many respects instructive, concerning search of the general reasons causing infringements, it can lead up a blind alley. Really, that fact that removal of sexual glands brakes performance of "the death program", shows that at sexual glands are a source of the signals including the mechanism of death from the internal reason.

Appetite And Growth, Dream And Wakefulness, Emotional Lifting

Appetite and growth, dream and wakefulness, emotional lifting and mental depression, at last, reproduction - all it in many respects depends on activity . In essence, there is no function in difficult integration of an organism which would not demand participation . But as a whole all its functions can be divided on two groups. First, adapts organism activity for environmental conditions. Differently, if to exclude mechanical protection which is provided at specialised organisms with a skin, muscular and bone fabrics co-ordinating activity protects an organism from damaging influences of an environment, that is counteracts influence of the factors, able to lead death from the external reasons. Secondly, is the supreme body of a constancy of the internal environment. Together with adjustable bodies the closed system works as , providing a constancy of the internal environment according to the information received from private world of an organism. In this activity carefully supervises constant, regular processes which should proceed cyclically, irrespective of an external world.

On The Contrary, Provision Of Energy - The

On the contrary, provision of energy - the main thing. To fabrics should be quickly delivered an additional food, and sends impulses to impellent nerves of heart and vessels. The gleam of vessels of an internal is even more narrowed, the action of the heart amplifies, pressure of blood in system raises and as a result the blood current is accelerated. (That is why long negative emotions are especially dangerous to the hypertensive person, they far are not indifferent and for healthy people as promote occurrence hypertensive *. Simultaneously adrenaline, a growth hormone, fat acids, cholesterol, and . . - all those factors which were consistently involved in maintenance reactions, raise coagulability of blood and by that help to avoid the heavy bleedings arising at wound. (But the same protective mechanism can be at the bottom of occurrence of a thrombosis of vessels and a heart attack of heart at the person under the influence of emotional excitation.) In the course of struggle everything that disturbs to it, should be braked.

Means, Cholesterol Should Arrive From A Parent Organism.

Means, cholesterol should arrive from a parent organism. But also this source of cholesteric raw materials is rather limited. After all performance of the law of a constancy of the internal environment in that also consists that the organism is protected as from a lack, and surplus something. That is why for maintenance with cholesterol of requirements of development of a fruit the constancy law should be broken. Essential feature of this infringement is that the mechanism changing a homeostasis, settles down in temporarily existing body - a placenta. Therefore the changes of a homeostasis peculiar to the period of pregnancy, are time - the placenta together with sorts finishes the existence. In pregnancy the placenta develops a number of hormones, and in particular a placentary hormone of growth which reduces glucose combustion in a parent organism. But if the glucose arriving with food, completely is not used as fuel it turns to fat - adiposity develops. In an organism there are two energy sources - glucose and fat acids.

The Same Mechanisms Define Also A Specific Limit

The same mechanisms define also a specific limit of longevity - that is why the book is named "the Big internal clocks". At the same time deep penetration into all these challenges is disturbed by strict specialisation of knowledge which is generated by rapid development of a modern science. Certainly, without specialisation it is impossible to understand essence of the separate phenomena; but simultaneously specialisation separates also their uniform fabric, representing their isolated and isolated whereas the dialectics always learns to search for interrelation and interaction between processes in the nature. In the book attempt to overcome the division caused by narrow specialisation, - from here its subtitle "Introduction in integrated medicine" is made. At once I will make a reservation that speech in this case goes not about actually medicine, and about the biological phenomena which part owing to modern specialisation is studied by medicine. Therefore, quite realising existence of many distinctions in development and illnesses of such far kinds as, for example, a humpback salmon, the rat and the person, in the book is considered that mainly unites them on a uniform evolutionary ladder of wildlife.

Concentration Of A Hormone-regulator Again Will Increase -

Concentration of a hormone-regulator again will increase - activity of working gland again will amplify. So balance is supported. The mutual relation described here at which the working hormone brakes the regulator, represents a typical example of the mechanism of a negative feedback. In this cybernetic concept "negative" designates a word that the regulator is braked by action of the peripheral factor (or a signal), in this case a working hormone whereas removal of "negative", braking influence leads to stimulation of a peripheral link of system - working glands. In it the inner meaning, an essence of the mechanism of a negative feedback also consists. The similar principle of regulation is put in any self-regulated system, for example even in the thermostat. In it there is an energy source which in this system is similar to working gland And. And just as working gland develops the working hormone, this source allocates warmth. Gland-regulator role carries out here the relay - the contact thermometer.

Even The Illnesses Connected With Ageing, Not In

Even the illnesses connected with ageing, not in a condition to cause essential shifts of these vital elements. The death mechanism as though avoids these indicators of the internal environment, equally important and for a single cage in the primary World ocean, and for a nervous cage of a brain of the person. These properties are protected, possibly, so with firmness for the sake of preservation of the life. This circumstance appreciably explains the big freedom of a mode of activity of others glands, namely what take part in maintenance of development of an organism. Besides, it is clear that development demands , work of some glands. Therefore in live systems, including the person, gland uniting activity of a number of glands functions special ; it as though a control panel and coordination. Integration glands is carried out by the hypophysis located in well protected bone formations "a Turkish saddle", is direct under a cerebral cortex in the most central point of a cranial cavity.

Therefore The Hormone Of A Bark Of Adrenal

Therefore the hormone of a bark of adrenal glands - in this critical moment not only serves provision of energy, promoting, in particular, to synthesis of carbohydrates from fiber, not only suppresses reactions of cellular immunity, but possesses still property to suppress inflammation, thereby reducing size of damage of fabrics at a trauma. (For this reason in modern medicine and its derivatives-kortizon, , etc. - have found such successful application at various types of inflammatory processes - from an inflammation of an iris of the eye of an eye ( ) to ulcer , rheumatism, illnesses of joints and .) But if damage of fabrics nevertheless is great, a part of fibers from the injured fabric, getting to the general blood-groove, reaches immune system and, operating on it like "another's" fibers, that is like microbes, makes immunization against own fabrics. In this case immunity carriers - antibodies, getting into fabrics, can cause their damage. It threatens an animal with illnesses or even �destruction after a while after the termination of struggle from the diseases developing under the same laws on which incompatibility of fabrics becomes a barrier at change of "another's" bodies from the person to the person.

In Present Period The Cybernetics - A Science

In present period the cybernetics - a science which is engaged in the general principles of work and management in various systems, and, naturally, in live systems became one of branches of such approach. In particular, here it is not out of place to notice that the concrete data about to system, that is about a control system in difficult organisms, quite often formed a basis for more difficult general conclusions of theoretical cybernetics which then has got signs of the integrated science considering first of all principles of management and interaction. From this point of view the concept stated in the book would be correct to carry to a class cybernetic, or system, representations about the ageing mechanism. It defines many features of the given sketches. So, for example, the author often compares the processes occurring in an organism of this or that animal, that occurs in more difficult human body. To everyone it is clear that between kinds there are defined, sometimes the extremely important distinctions.

Presence Or Absence Of Food, Physical Conditions Of

Presence or absence of food, physical conditions of environment, degree of its pollution - here those primary factors, with which inseparably linked organism ability to live. At the same time any organism can exist, only if the structure of its body is supported in certain, usually enough narrow limits. Great French physiologist Claude Bernard has formulated more 100 years ago this position as follows: the constancy of the internal environment is a necessary condition of a free life of an organism. The law of a constancy of the internal environment of an organism - the fundamental law of biology. I even would designate it as the First fundamental biological law (though in this case a little that speaks a serial number: all fundamental laws are characterised by that any of them cannot be broken). The metabolism based on receipt in an organism of food, water and oxygen, first of all provides a constancy of the internal environment. At monocelled beings reserves of power materials in an organism are very insignificant and according to their dependence on food receipt, as a rule, is extremely expressed.

In Space, Or A Crack ( A Crack),

In space, or a crack ( a crack), between nervous cages from a shoot are allocated substances-intermediaries which, like hormones, operate on receptors of a membrane of the next nervous cage, stimulating or, on the contrary, braking its activity. And everyone a cage, besides, has on the membrane receptors-aerials for an attachment of working hormones glands. These hormones operate on on a feedback mechanism, stimulating or braking activity cages. Each of three basic systems has in the representations - kernels, or the centres, and even a number of the interconnected centres. In cages of these centres are made special hormones which supervise production of each hormone of a forward share of a hypophysis. In turn, on the nervous cages forming these centres, have an effect, as hormones, and hormones peripheral glands, that is working hormones. The structure provides ample opportunities for change of a threshold of sensitivity of this regulator. Really, most simple way of change of a threshold of sensitivity to action of working hormones is change of number of aerials-receptors on a membrane of cages corresponding the centre, for example "the sexual centre" reproductive system.