To Consider, How All It Becomes, It Is

To consider, how all it becomes, it is necessary to remind that cybernetic principle on which stability maintenance in system, whether it be the simple thermostat or difficult system of a live organism is based. Stability in any system is supported thanks to the mechanism of a negative feedback. We will consider, how this mechanism functions. Let's imagine conditionally gland And which allocates in blood the specific hormone a1 (fig. 2). This hormone has an effect on cages sensitive to it in corresponding fabrics (fabrics-targets) and consequently can be designated as a working hormone. We will present a situation in which the expense of a working hormone has increased and as a result its maintenance in blood has decreased. For restoration of a constancy of the internal environment activity of gland of A.Chto thus should amplify occurs? Gland Instead of exists in an organism separately, it is in certain system of mutual relations under the control of the regulator - we name B.Snizhenie's its gland of concentration of a working hormone a1 this gland-regulator perceives.

Thus, Interface Of Both Laws On Level And

Thus, interface of both laws on level and a principle by which both these are carried out the law, generate the consequence having crucial importance in a biological life of each individual. This consequence is the mechanism of ageing, illnesses of ageing and natural death. When performance of the program of development of an organism comes to the end, the law of a deviation of a homeostasis does not stop the existence, and, on the contrary, continues to be carried out with the same sequence, as earlier. Therefore if the homeostasis deviation serves in the beginning development and growth then it turns only to the force breaking the law of a constancy of the internal environment: after end of growth development as though proceeds and as a result the lines peculiar to normal ageing and illnesses of ageing gradually start to be formed. Really, in the course of ageing the homeostasis is broken: level of sugar, cholesterol etc. increases in blood. Hence, normal ageing is illness, more truly, the sum of illnesses of a homeostasis - the illnesses caused by infringement of the law of a constancy of the internal environment of an organism.

But We Will Imagine That Sensitivity Of A

But we will imagine that sensitivity of a regulator to temperature will gradually decrease eventually. It will inevitably lead to heating of the thermostat to more heat, there will be no yet a necessary influence on a regulator which is switching off a thermal element. If fall of sensitivity of a regulator let slowly, but steadily proceeds, the thermostat will be warmed up more and more. Differently, the quantity of heat made by the thermostat, or its capacity, will increase. So, difference basically regulation between classical cybernetic systems and a dynamo-cybernetic also consists that in the last sensitivity of a regulator changes. It at preservation of the mechanism of cybernetic regulation results, however, finally in stability infringement, that is to a homeostasis deviation. Such situation of change of "reference point" of sensitivity , a homeostasis supervising three basic true, really takes place. Especially accurately it is traced in the mechanism of age inclusion of reproductive function.

Such Butterfly, Having Arisen From A Larva In

Such butterfly, having arisen from a larva in the morning by the end of the first days having finished a reproduction cycle, perishes. The death comes irrespective of environmental conditions - as though the factory of hours comes to an end. Similar death from the internal reason - not an exception. Still "more distinctly she can be observed at more difficult organism - . This fish within four-five years lives in Pacific ocean. During this period there is a maturing and increase in the size of a body, and in a liver and a body fat collects. But here the reproduction period comes nearer, and the humpback salmon begins the long way, sometimes in thousand kilometres, to a mouth of that river in which it was born. From the very beginning of this way fish as an energy source uses mainly hepatic reserves of fat. The stock of fats decreases, but concentration grows in blood of cholesterol which is synthesised from fat. And within one-two months fish "grows old". At it jaws are bent, eyes, a skin sink down.

So, For Example, Though I Consider That Mutational

So, for example, though I consider that mutational theories of ageing are defective as they do not establish communication between development and organism ageing, in the book is considered, how regulation and metabolism changes promote increase in "contribution" of mutations in a picture of ageing and such illnesses, as an atherosclerosis and a cancer. Thus, on the basis of model considered in the book there is a possibility to search for interrelation between the main and additional factors of development, ageing and illnesses of ageing. Nobody dies of an old age: people and in an old age die of illnesses - basically as they are caused by regulation infringement. Natural death at higher organisms - death regular. Chapter 2. Wildlife riddles The wildlife stores in itself three ancient riddles: occurrence of a life, evolution and death. To solve the first of them, the strengthened attempts to reproduce process of occurrence of a life in artificial conditions now are undertaken. The second riddle - an evolution riddle, or complication and perfection of live systems at preservation of the same structural elements of a live matter is not less difficult also.

In The Course Of Evolutionary Transformation Of Unicells

In the course of evolutionary transformation of unicells in multicellular the mechanisms providing maintenance of a constancy of the internal environment by specialisation of bodies of a body with their specialised functions eventually have developed At the same time it has led to irreconcilable contradictions between requirements of development and necessity of stability, to the contradiction which has generated, from my point of view, in the course of evolution type of death from the internal reasons. Really, during each given moment of development and metaphyte growth the law of a constancy of the internal environment, protected by homeostasis systems should be observed. At the same time abundantly clear that systems should increase the capacity in process of development that their activity could provide requirements of growth of an organism. Differently, development and organism growth would be impracticable, if also capacity systems simultaneously did not increase. In the certain relation the capacity increase systems also is development.

Means, At Stress Increase A Threshold Really Takes

Means, at stress increase a threshold really takes place. Namely this phenomenon - increase a threshold as we have found out in chapter 4, defines the mechanism of development, ageing and type of natural death. These can explain much in mutual relations between stress and illnesses. The stress causes the exchange shifts similar to what are observed at ageing. Concentration increases in blood of sugar, fat acids, cholesterol. It means that there was an increase a threshold in system power ; high level of a hormone of a bark of adrenal glands at stress shows that increase a threshold occurs and in adaptable . It corresponds to that is observed and at in spawning, that is besides at the phenomenon linked to the mechanism of development and death. Differently, that higher organisms are allocated by the highest ability of protection from , is caused by occurrence in the course of evolution of wildlife difficult the systems which wreath are systems. To create necessary deviations for the protection organisation probably only at the expense of increase a threshold - at the expense of the same mechanism which underlies the mechanism of development, ageing and illnesses of ageing.

The Same Changes Though In Much Faster Rate,

The same changes though in much faster rate, occur and at in spawning. The �destruction example is from this point of view a private example of �destruction owing to infringements in self-control system. Private value of this example is defined by that change of system of the self-control, creating finally the raised development of cholesterol, is caused by the signals going from sexual glands, that is the death mechanism sharply joins according to requirements of the program of reproduction. But also inclusion of sexual function is carried out at the expense of strengthening of work of system of self-control that, on the one hand, provides requirements of reproduction, and with another - becomes the tool causing �destruction of an organism from the internal reason. Thus, the death from the internal reasons, inherent to live systems, is a result of interaction between development and stabilisation mechanisms, or a homeostasis. I pay attention of the reader here for what. The increase in capacity of the main things in the course of ageing means that ageing and the illnesses connected with it are formed not at the expense of decrease, fading, and, on the contrary, strengthenings, an overstrain of activity of the systems regulating power processes, adaptation and reproduction.

It Also Is Display All The Same Position:

It also is display all the same position: additional energy which is scooped from fat is necessary for development. In this case pleasant fatness of the child just also reflects infringement of the law of a constancy of the internal environment. And it not special feature of children human. Here the characteristic description concerning by the period of the childhood at wolves. "For last weeks have grown up and now in the sizes, yes, perhaps, and the form, reminded adult marmots. They so have grown fat that in comparison with a trunk of their paw seemed simply dwarfish, and fluffy grey fur coats only - aggravated completeness. Anything, appear, did not foretell that in due course they will turn to the same harmonous and powerful animals, as well as their parents" (Mouet "do not shout, wolves" , 1968), Yes differently and cannot be. Growth (both a fruit, and the child) is connected with occurrence of new cages, and for them additional cholesterol which, in turn, is synthesised when fat use increases is necessary, in particular.

But More All This Book Is Directed To

But more all this book is directed to the address of simply thinking reader how it was far by the nature of the activity from problems considered here. For the science history shows that so-called laymans, that is those who searches for the answer to the questions lying outside of their speciality, is frequent thanks to impartiality of the approach bring very powerful contribution to science development. At last, I would like to address this book to schoolboys from whom after the publication of the sketches in magazine "the Science and a life" in 1972 - 1973 and 1979 - 1980 were received by many letters with meditations about life riddles. Perhaps, the book will help my young readers with a choice of their labour way. Anything so did not promote nature studying as specialisation of sciences, and anything so does not interfere with understanding of the nature, division of complete representation about it, the based pas specialisation principles. Chapter 1. From gerontology history As the leading English gerontologist A.

If Receptors Becomes Less The Smaller Number Of

If receptors becomes less the smaller number of molecules of a working hormone will co-operate with a membrane of a nervous cage, and accordingly sensitivity a regulator *. Such phenomenon is observed at normal ageing But if with the years simply there was a reduction of number of aerials-receptors this phenomenon, in essence, would be irreversible: in it it would be expressed In such less and more inert cage processes of an exchange of substance are slowed down and, in particular, manufacture of albuminous aerials-receptors on a membrane decreases. To us can object that such two-level process at which the quantity and then thereof there is a decrease in number of aerials-receptors in the beginning decreases, essentially does not change anything. Remains not clear not only why the number of receptors decreases, but also there is a new question: why concentration decreases? Now it is possible to explain it only to one: such decrease "is planned" genetically as, for example, concentration decrease in leads to age deenergizing of genital function in a female organism, or to a climax - to natural display of ageing.

Thus, It Turns Out That If The Life

Thus, it turns out that if the life is possible only at observance of stability of the internal environment development and growth cannot be carried out without infringement of the law of stability. It is possible to express this position also as follows: at higher organisms it is necessary to combine simultaneously and in one rest and movement - the rest of the internal environment providing stability of an organism, and the movement giving development. It is possible to assume that such combination completely opposite requirements is carried out at the expense of self-development systems. In other words, the systems providing stability, that is protection against an external world, all time should develop, increasing the capacity; only regulation preservation in moving system in this case can be provided. Most visually it can be tracked on the basis of those changes which are observed in a female organism during pregnancy. These changes are especially obvious in second half of pregnancy when the weight of a fruit quickly increases.

The Term " " Not Only On Sounding,

The term " " not only on sounding, but to a certain extent and under the maintenance is close to a word "thermostat". And it is not casual. Just as it takes place in the thermostat intended for maintenance of certain temperature, in power, adaptable and reproductive there is also a mechanism by which corresponding property, or function is regulated. But regulation this special. If activity of classical cybernetic systems is usually directed on constancy maintenance in controllable system as it, for example, takes place in the thermostat in power, adaptable and reproductive there is a self-development increasing capacity of these systems according to requirements of development of an organism. Therefore spontaneous than system would be more correct to name a dynamo-cybernetic. To keep, for example, stability of temperature in this or that system, sensitivity of a regulator to temperature change should remain a constant. In the thermostat as soon as the temperature will reach the set limit, there is a necessary influence on a regulator that leads to deenergizing of system of heating.

1). The Second Level Of Regulation - -

1). The second level of regulation - - is created by hormones. Hormones - the special substances developed in glands; arriving in blood, they influence activity of cages sensitive to them. Action of hormones, for example, such glands as adrenal glands and parathyroid glands, first of all it is directed on performance of the law of a constancy of the internal environment. If to recollect that initially the life has arisen in the water environment should admire that the structure and concentration of the salts (ions) washing a cage, almost precisely correspond to the salt environment of the World ocean in the period when in the course of evolution the structure of a modern cage was created. During millions and millions years the structure of cages remains to constants, despite their so difficult transformations to specialised fabrics and bodies during the further evolution of wildlife. Concentration in the calcium and phosphorus blood, supervised mainly parathyroid glands, concentration of sodium and , supervised mainly adrenal glands, is strictly protected during all life of an individual.

In Norm When The Maintenance Of A Working

In norm when the maintenance of a working hormone in blood is constant, gland is quiet: receptors-aerials of its cages to necessary degree are sated by hormone 1. Now, when concentration of a hormone a1 has decreased, partially these the recipe are released from a working hormone. Braking influence of a working hormone on development by gland a hormone supervising activity of gland And stops. Therefore gland Would send to gland And the envoy - hormone 1 which stimulates to activity hormone A.Produktsija's gland a1 increases. When concentration of working hormone 1 will increase to norm, it fills necessary number of free receptors-aerials on a membrane of cages of regulating gland of B.Voznikaet a signal that it is time to cease to stimulate gland And as the constancy of the internal environment (in this case concentration of a hormone a1 in blood) is restored to work. As a result stimulation of working gland by a regulator decreases and established balance. When again there will be a level decrease in blood of a working hormone, gland-regulator braking will stop.

The Example Is Especially Convincing That, On The

The example is especially convincing that, on the one hand, puberty should be somehow detained till that time while development and body growth will end, and with another - puberty possesses the evident lines characterising increase of capacity of reproductive system. If to recollect the general principle of work self-regulated systems, it is easy to understand that puberty cannot be caused primary strengthening of capacity working glands - sexual gland. Otherwise the increase in production of sexual hormones completely would brake regulator-gipotalamusa activity according to the mechanism of a negative feedback. It would eliminate possibility and regulations and developments. Hence, the puberty mechanism should be connected with changes of a condition of the regulator, that is . So it also is. In a number of researches it has been shown that the sensitivity threshold changes during all life. Soon after a birth possesses the maximum sensitivity to braking action of sexual hormones. Therefore the sexual centre during this period is braked by that small amount of sexual hormones which are already developed by an unripe organism.

) But Here Struggle Against Its Big Power Consumption

) But here struggle against its big power consumption is finished. The restoration phase begins. through the centre of thermoregulation being in it strengthens . Skin vessels extend, increases , and at a dog who has some no glands, the short wind and language almost develops falls out of a mouth, increasing evaporation. All it protects an organism from excessive overheating, possible owing to intensive combustion of fat acids and glucose during struggle. Surplus of the fat acids, which intensive mobilisation it was so necessary in the power relation, serves in restoration by raw materials for cholesterol synthesis. This circumstance has very much great value as in the period is necessary "repair" of the damaged fabrics at the expense of cell fission. At the same time the cover - a membrane which skeleton contains a lot of cholesterol is necessary to each new cage. So, exchange shift at stress towards strengthened use of fat acids is not only maintenance of energy needs, but also a way of savings and restoration of stocks of glucose.

So, Development From A Unicell To Multicellular Specialised

So, development from a unicell to multicellular specialised organisms is not simply quantitative transition from one cage to set of cages. It is qualitatively new transition from a life of "one" to a system life. In this process there was a submission of a life of the metaphyte allocated stabilising with systems, as to the general laws of work of any other control systems, and the special requirements defined by the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. Occurrence in the course of evolution of higher organisms with their spontaneous systems has limited influence of the factors causing death from the external reasons. It has made possible perfection of forms of a life. But simultaneously realisation of the law of a deviation of a homeostasis finally leads to the illnesses not compatible to unlimited continuation of a life of a separate individual. As a result dominating value was got by death from the internal reasons. Without intervention in these biological laws the basic illnesses of higher organisms, for these illnesses - heavy, but quite comprehensible payment for the perfection reached in the course of evolution cannot be completely eliminated.

Having Taken All It Into Consideration, It Is

Having taken all it into consideration, it is necessary to recognise: the deviation from the law of a constancy of the internal environment is that programmed "illness of a pregnant organism" without which fruit development is impossible. After all normally to develop, the fruit should be provided by "a building material" - it and is delivered as a result - the described shifts. And a material of it it is required much as for rather short term from one impregnated cage billions cages of again generated organism are reproduced. Probably, it occurs on such approximately to the scheme. Obligatory part of each cage - cholesterol. It enters into a skeleton of a cover of a cage - a cellular membrane. The majority of kinds of cages cannot is independent synthesise so much cholesterol, how many it is necessary for cover construction, and these cages receive cholesterol from a liver. Capacity of a liver of a fruit is still small, it does not provide requirements of quickly increasing cellular weight.

Chapter 4. The Law Of A Deviation Of

Chapter 4. The law of a deviation of a homeostasis The organism can exist, if the structure of its internal environment is supported in certain, enough narrow limits. This position - essence of the law of a constancy of the internal environment. Really, in norm the size of arterial pressure, concentration in blood of sugar, fat, cholesterol and other indicators fluctuate rather slightly. On the contrary, any proof deviation from normal limits speaks about illness: proof increase of arterial pressure is considered as a hypertension, sugar in blood - as a diabetes, cholesterol and fat ( ) - as an atherosclerosis risk factor. And so far as the constancy of the internal environment, or a homeostasis, should be protected so strictly special mechanisms of its maintenance are necessary also. At unicells owing to insufficient complexity of their structure such mechanisms cannot already be made. To It the death from the external reasons has risen an absolute obstacle in a way to a theoretical eternal life of the monocelled.

Increased. All It Means A Deviation From The

increased. All it means a deviation from the law of a constancy of the internal environment, from the law which observance, as well as protection, is necessary for the sake of a life. However we know that owing to the cybernetic mechanism of regulation systems aspire to balance or to stability and order restoration. Therefore the question is quite reasonable: how can during all situations while there is "a meeting of a cat with a dog", to exist infringement of the internal environment of an organism? Really, if concentration in blood of a working hormone raises, for example it, according to the mechanism of a negative feedback, should brake allocation of the regulator, in this case a hormone , and allocation , not stimulated , should decrease to norm - to the limits protected by the law of a constancy. But after all it does not occur, and level in blood in stress remains raised, creating thereby the mechanism protection. In what here business? For each hormone-regulator there is a working factor which at concentration increase in blood causes suppression of activity of a regulator.

Thus, The Law Of A Deviation Of A

Thus, the law of a deviation of a homeostasis is carried out. But such increase in capacity is hardly realizable only as a result of changes in most . it is constructed of nervous cages which lose ability to division in a mature organism. Another matter - the forward share of a hypophysis entering in gipotalamo-gipofizarnyj a complex. This part of a hypophysis is constructed of a ferruterous fabric for which ability to increase both working volume of each cage, and number of cages is characteristic. Therefore capacity of system can easily increase (at the expense of hypophysis activity) and at the same time in it ability to exact regulation according to the signals which are starting with nervous cages can remain. Owing to it gipotalamo-gipofizarnyj the complex is "material resources" of special type of the regulation, a peculiar dynamo-cybernetic to systems power, adaptable and reproductive . But after all most gipotalamno-gipofizarnoj it is not enough structure to provide increase in capacity in these in three .

All Listed Reasons Also Have Induced Me To

All listed reasons also have induced me to undertake for not absolutely usual work for themselves - to write the book popular scientific, calculated as it would be more habitual for me, not on colleagues, and on ready more a wide range of readers. This book is addressed to all by that who is interested in understanding laws of development of live organisms. First of all - to biologists and physicians of various specialities who aspire all more deeply how are interconnected development, ageing and illnesses of ageing, and also to physiologists who study concrete mechanisms of activity of a normal organism. Besides, it is possible, my work will be read by experts in the field of the exact sciences, and in particular mathematics which search for objects for mathematical modelling of biological processes; cybernetics which analogies and a generality of laws of management in the live and lifeless nature interest; physicists and chemists who for many years aspired to solve how live organisms counteract the law of increase of entropy.

In Particular, (especially In A Combination To A

In particular, (especially in a combination to a growth hormone) interferes with glucose mastering in a muscular fabric. It is very important: muscles perfectly well eat fat acids, and for nervous cages glucose - the main fuel which is acquired by nervous cages is necessary. Moreover, one more way influences "fuel" redistribution, namely activating process of transformation of fiber in glucose. It is very important, as in the course of struggle the food does not arrive from the outside, and stocks in an organism of reserve sugar-glikogena - are very limited. (We will note to acquire therein what exactly therefore at considerable quantity allocation owing to very strong emotional influence at the person can develop even a temporary diabetes because of inability quickly again sugar. So, at share price falling at a stock exchange there is "a diabetes of stockbrokers". If for this or that individual are available besides certain preconditions the long stress can result and in a proof diabetes.

The Basic Components Of This System Are A

The basic components of this system are a bark of adrenal glands which develops a protection hormone - , a hypophysis which develops , regulating production , and, at last, , supervising secretion (fig. 3). All this three is in one team, obeying feedback mechanism drives. For example, if in blood concentration it on the mechanism of a negative feedback brakes activity raises, means, production of the regulator-kortikotropina. As a result production adrenal glands decreases. Presence of such interrelation is easy for checking up as follows. To an animal the certain quantity or its derivative - dexamethasone is appointed. Dexamethasone, braking on the mechanism of a negative feedback allocation , thereby reduces also activity of a bark of the adrenal glands supervised , that is reduces production . If always to use the same dose of a braking hormone - dexamethasone degree of decrease in production will depend on a sensitivity threshold to dexamethasone action. For example, at two-month rats under the influence of dexamethasone level in blood has decreased on 51 %, and at rats at the age of eight months - only on 11 %.

At Last, We Will Enter Into The Description

At last, we will enter into the description of this picture the important element - increase a threshold of sensitivity which neither G.Sele, nor other researchers reactions have not seen. And meanwhile without increase a threshold reaction could not be carried out a little long . However, in this case and the payment of an organism for adaptation would not be so high. So, the dog and a cat have noticed each other. Sense organs already on distance give a signal in the central nervous system that the opponent close. Probably, struggle and consequently to it preparation is necessary is necessary. The situation is estimated by a cerebral cortex, but colouring of an estimation is emotional. Emotion is one of the strongest factors. Regulation of emotions is appreciably concentrated in . When the cat accepts the characteristic pose with the curved back, it means that the information received from a cerebral cortex, has excited emotions of fear and aggression in . It is a phase of preparation for struggle.

Even More Monocelled Depend On Physical Conditions Of

Even more monocelled depend on physical conditions of environment. The gentle cover of a cage - a cellular membrane - cannot be reliable protection against damaging external factors. It is clear: both food receipt, and allocation of a waste occurs through this membrane. In essence, unicells are in balance with the inhabitancy, and a constancy of structure of their body, that is the requirement corresponding to the First biological law, can be executed only in that degree in which the environment constancy remains. Changes in an environment, caused, for example, the ability to live of unicells, can serve as the reason of their �destruction. Thus, in most cases the death at the monocelled is caused by action of external factors, that is is death from the external reasons. It also gives the grounds to assert that theoretically some the elementary can appear immortal in conditions when the environment favours to it. If to speak about the person here external causes of death connect first of all with so-called illnesses of a civilisation.

Really, How These Principles Were Difficult, They Are

Really, how these principles were difficult, they are accessible to studying and the control. Already that circumstance that they operate always naturally, allows to study them better, than the changes connected with action of random factors, for example "breakages" (mutations) in the enormous car of a human body. Presence of transition of the program of development of an organism in the mechanism of illnesses of ageing - an inexhaustible source of optimism in search of ways and counteraction means to these illnesses. With those from readers, who, not difficulties, Humpback salmon (On B.Vexler, 1978) Rat The person Increase of level of sugar in blood Increase of fat acids in blood Increase of activity of a bark of adrenal glands Atrophy Adiposity Cholesterol increase in blood (to 1000 mg of % during spawning) Death from a heart attack of a myocardium, a brain, kidneys Increase of level of sugar in blood insulin Increase in blood Increase of level of fat and cholesterol in blood Increase of activity of a bark of adrenal glands ( ) Adiposity Atrophy with immunity decrease Death from , tumours of a hypophysis, infections and a cancer Increase of level of sugar in blood insulin Increase in blood Increase of level of fat ( ) and cholesterol in blood Increase of activity of a bark of adrenal glands (relative surplus ) Adiposity Decrease in cellular immunity Death of each 85 persons from 100 on the average and advanced age from illnesses of indemnification: adiposity, a diabetes corpulent, , a climax, an atherosclerosis, metabolic (immunity decrease), illnesses, hypertensive illness, mental depression and a cancer Without which it was impossible to manage in this chapter, has reached its end, we will sum up.

In Favorable Conditions Process Of Consecutive Divisions Can

In favorable conditions process of consecutive divisions can proceed beyond all bounds. A classical example: unicell division - - during 8400 generations. In this case has no value that actually only copies of some of the elementary create the generations, capable to share (without sexual reproduction) vaguely long. If this ability was observed only at one kind of the elementary or even at one branch and then it would be the basis for the statement that theoretically there is a life without internal causes of death in the presence of certain favorable environmental conditions. Property of potential immortality can be seen and on an example of difficult metaphytes if in their cages there are so-called malignant changes. Really, normal cages of which the metaphyte is under construction, are in such interaction with each other that the sizes of bodies remain constants. So, for example, in a gastroenteric path there is very intensive updating of cages. But new cages regularly come in the stead perishing, that is cages appears exactly so much, how many it is necessary for maintenance of their "planned" quantity.

The Nature - A Sphinx. And That It Is

The nature - a sphinx. And that it is more true c ruins the person That, may be, no Riddle from a century is present and was not at it. F.Tyutchev The preface. Now still it is impossible to assert that to a science the true reasons of ageing of the person are known. Meanwhile for the answer to this question search from time immemorial: after all in effect everyone thinks sooner or later of this problem. Throughout many tens years gerontologists - the experts who are taking up the issue of ageing, put forward a number of concepts and theories for an explanation of mechanisms of ageing. But these theories remain accessible to only certain circle of experts whereas results of similar scientific workings out are of interest for everyone. This circumstance first of all also has formed the basis for a writing of the given book. The scientific materials put in its basis, were developed by the author more than thirty years. However their main result can be formulated rather short: at higher organisms, including the person, ageing is directly connected with the development mechanism, namely the same factors which provide organism development, continue to operate and after its end, being simultaneously and the reason leading to ageing.

These Hormones Regulate Hypophysis Activity - Gland-regulator Of

These hormones regulate hypophysis activity - gland-regulator of many departments systems. Besides, directs the hormones and to the remote areas of a body where these hormones carry out a role. Thus, if the central nervous system has received a signal from sense organs this signal is transferred in which, in turn, sends a signal to a hypophysis, and last - in working bodies. In certain cases it is direct through the nervous device or through hormones influences body fabrics. So, thanking the interrelation between an external world and organism private world is carried out. - a concrete place of a joint of two worlds. For this special communication between external and internal the nature has created also the special form: - a hybrid nervous and systems. Thanks to the unusual device transforms the high-speed signals arriving from nervous system, in , but specialised reactions systems. At first sight necessity of existence and a hypophysis, and can seem not clear. It would Seem that hormones could in all cases without an intermediate link - a hypophysis - directly to influence an organism.

Hence, Dexamethasone At Animals Of The Senior Group

Hence, Dexamethasone at animals of the senior group has less expressed braking an effect on . In other words, in process of ageing there is an increase of a threshold of sensitivity to braking influence of a working hormone of dexamethasone. This simple experience is surprising on the : it shows at once the mechanism and the fundamental law of biology - the law of a constancy of the internal environment, and its antipode - the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. Absolutely same phenomenon is observed and at the person. Here an example: at a group of persons which middle age was 56 years, the certain dose of dexamethasone has lowered level in blood on 39 %, and at young men (middle age 24 years) - - on 54 %. It means that in the middle age perceives regulating signals is worse, becomes to them less sensitive that inevitably leads to infringement of the law of a constancy of the internal environment. But infringement of this fundamental law of biology - a deviation from norm or illness for stability of environment is the main condition of preservation of "quality of a life" and the life of an individual.

However There Is More To Come. It Is

However there is more to come. It is considered to be that normal physiological ageing is one, and the certain illnesses linked to ageing, - absolutely another. From my point of view which I in this book in detail enough give reason, there are no basic distinctions not only between mechanisms of development and organism ageing, but also mechanisms of development of the illnesses linked to ageing. Therefore though the given book is not devoted completely not to specially medical problems, in it medical examples with biological, or the general, positions are often considered. Really, if certain illnesses are linked to the normal mechanism of development and ageing between these illnesses there can be common features or even the general signs specifying in their interrelation. Certainly, such position demands comprehension of degree visible now medicine integration and if to take a broad view even more, demands aspiration to find out the unity hidden dialectically in the nature of development, ageing and illnesses of ageing.

But If There Is No Clear Boundary Between

But if there is no clear boundary between development of an organism and the illnesses linked to ageing, that is there is no distinction between norm and a pathology nevertheless such differentiation be conditional should is spent. It is necessary first of all the science purpose is not only in itself knowledge, but also aspiration to perfection and nature preservation. In this case this clearing of the person of burden of illnesses of ageing. And for this purpose, in particular, the line of readout delimiting conditionally is necessary that we accept for norm, because, that is almost proved to consider as illness. The deviation from this line of readout would be a signal to acceptance of certain measures of influence. About such line of readout based on representation about ideal norm, also there is a speech in the present book. In this respect I aspire to prove that after the termination of development and growth of an organism norm limits are uniform for all age and are individual for everyone (certainly if during this period the person is healthy).

The Organism Or Fails Owing To Accumulation Of

The organism or fails owing to accumulation of errors in the work, or becomes vulnerable for influence of numerous external factors - from microbes and viruses to emotional stress and then its �destruction is defined by the sum of the casual reasons always existing at interaction of an organism with sphere of its dwelling. Mutations and accumulation of errors can really matter at formation of many phenomena of ageing. They also play large role in wildlife evolution. Therefore the theories of ageing based on the account of these processes, serve and now as a subject of serious researches. In particular, scientists are occupied with a question why the organisms possessing ability to repair DNA at infringement of its structure, do eventually it worse, than in the blossoming. Ageing theories of "a mutational sort" to some extent answer modern views the physical nature of the world in which much submits to statistically-likelihood laws whereas the strict order of the determined phenomena, characteristic for the classical mechanics, is represented too rough model of that is in wildlife.

The Structure Of Unicells Does Not Provide Reliable

The structure of unicells does not provide reliable protection at considerable changes of an environment. Accordingly at monocelled the major form of adaptation is variability. Accustoming of microorganisms is based on this property to toxic substances, in particular to antibiotics. If it is possible so to be expressed, the monocelled individualities not allocated with the same degree as higher organisms, adapt at the expense of change of the individuality or by change of properties of all population of organisms at the expense of acquisition of new properties (for example, stability to an antibiotic). On the contrary, at higher organisms individuality preservation is provided with special protective mechanisms that corresponds to a principle of preservation of a homeostasis. These mechanisms carry out the changes necessary for protection, but ability of an organism thus remains again to return to an initial condition when necessity for protection disappears. Though adaptation to damaging factors is carried out at all levels of systems of an organism, since cellular, however for realisation protective reaction at ' higher organisms there is a specialised adaptable system, or adaptable .

With - And P-mediatory Are Synthesised From Amino

With - and P-mediatory are synthesised from amino acids, accordingly and . Concentration decrease in With - and P-mediatorov at stress owing to their raised expense also causes increase a threshold. By the way, if such decrease is too expressed that can occur at long stress there is a mental depression. Many know, how after excessive emotional excitation for any period apathy can come. It is a sign of an exhaustion of stocks , the prevention that rest is necessary for the restoration period. Really, with this or that speed substantially depending on congenital force of nervous system, that is from its genetic features, together with from features of a metabolism, there is also a maintenance normalisation in . It means that the threshold of sensitivity and self-control system is restored again starts to work correctly, providing a constancy of the internal environment of an organism. The storm which has been carried by together with stress, calms down: the past is forgotten or nearly so forgotten, if during stress there were no gross infringements in organism activity.