So, For Example, Though I Consider That Mutational

So, for example, though I consider that mutational theories of ageing are defective as they do not establish communication between development and organism ageing, in the book is considered, how regulation and metabolism changes promote increase in "contribution" of mutations in a picture of ageing and such illnesses, as an atherosclerosis and a cancer. Thus, on the basis of model considered in the book there is a possibility to search for interrelation between the main and additional factors of development, ageing and illnesses of ageing. Nobody dies of an old age: people and in an old age die of illnesses - basically as they are caused by regulation infringement. Natural death at higher organisms - death regular. Chapter 2. Wildlife riddles The wildlife stores in itself three ancient riddles: occurrence of a life, evolution and death. To solve the first of them, the strengthened attempts to reproduce process of occurrence of a life in artificial conditions now are undertaken. The second riddle - an evolution riddle, or complication and perfection of live systems at preservation of the same structural elements of a live matter is not less difficult also.

In The Course Of Evolutionary Transformation Of Unicells

In the course of evolutionary transformation of unicells in multicellular the mechanisms providing maintenance of a constancy of the internal environment by specialisation of bodies of a body with their specialised functions eventually have developed At the same time it has led to irreconcilable contradictions between requirements of development and necessity of stability, to the contradiction which has generated, from my point of view, in the course of evolution type of death from the internal reasons. Really, during each given moment of development and metaphyte growth the law of a constancy of the internal environment, protected by homeostasis systems should be observed. At the same time abundantly clear that systems should increase the capacity in process of development that their activity could provide requirements of growth of an organism. Differently, development and organism growth would be impracticable, if also capacity systems simultaneously did not increase. In the certain relation the capacity increase systems also is development.

Means, At Stress Increase A Threshold Really Takes

Means, at stress increase a threshold really takes place. Namely this phenomenon - increase a threshold as we have found out in chapter 4, defines the mechanism of development, ageing and type of natural death. These can explain much in mutual relations between stress and illnesses. The stress causes the exchange shifts similar to what are observed at ageing. Concentration increases in blood of sugar, fat acids, cholesterol. It means that there was an increase a threshold in system power ; high level of a hormone of a bark of adrenal glands at stress shows that increase a threshold occurs and in adaptable . It corresponds to that is observed and at in spawning, that is besides at the phenomenon linked to the mechanism of development and death. Differently, that higher organisms are allocated by the highest ability of protection from , is caused by occurrence in the course of evolution of wildlife difficult the systems which wreath are systems. To create necessary deviations for the protection organisation probably only at the expense of increase a threshold - at the expense of the same mechanism which underlies the mechanism of development, ageing and illnesses of ageing.

The Same Changes Though In Much Faster Rate,

The same changes though in much faster rate, occur and at in spawning. The �destruction example is from this point of view a private example of �destruction owing to infringements in self-control system. Private value of this example is defined by that change of system of the self-control, creating finally the raised development of cholesterol, is caused by the signals going from sexual glands, that is the death mechanism sharply joins according to requirements of the program of reproduction. But also inclusion of sexual function is carried out at the expense of strengthening of work of system of self-control that, on the one hand, provides requirements of reproduction, and with another - becomes the tool causing �destruction of an organism from the internal reason. Thus, the death from the internal reasons, inherent to live systems, is a result of interaction between development and stabilisation mechanisms, or a homeostasis. I pay attention of the reader here for what. The increase in capacity of the main things in the course of ageing means that ageing and the illnesses connected with it are formed not at the expense of decrease, fading, and, on the contrary, strengthenings, an overstrain of activity of the systems regulating power processes, adaptation and reproduction.

It Also Is Display All The Same Position:

It also is display all the same position: additional energy which is scooped from fat is necessary for development. In this case pleasant fatness of the child just also reflects infringement of the law of a constancy of the internal environment. And it not special feature of children human. Here the characteristic description concerning by the period of the childhood at wolves. "For last weeks have grown up and now in the sizes, yes, perhaps, and the form, reminded adult marmots. They so have grown fat that in comparison with a trunk of their paw seemed simply dwarfish, and fluffy grey fur coats only - aggravated completeness. Anything, appear, did not foretell that in due course they will turn to the same harmonous and powerful animals, as well as their parents" (Mouet "do not shout, wolves" , 1968), Yes differently and cannot be. Growth (both a fruit, and the child) is connected with occurrence of new cages, and for them additional cholesterol which, in turn, is synthesised when fat use increases is necessary, in particular.

But More All This Book Is Directed To

But more all this book is directed to the address of simply thinking reader how it was far by the nature of the activity from problems considered here. For the science history shows that so-called laymans, that is those who searches for the answer to the questions lying outside of their speciality, is frequent thanks to impartiality of the approach bring very powerful contribution to science development. At last, I would like to address this book to schoolboys from whom after the publication of the sketches in magazine "the Science and a life" in 1972 - 1973 and 1979 - 1980 were received by many letters with meditations about life riddles. Perhaps, the book will help my young readers with a choice of their labour way. Anything so did not promote nature studying as specialisation of sciences, and anything so does not interfere with understanding of the nature, division of complete representation about it, the based pas specialisation principles. Chapter 1. From gerontology history As the leading English gerontologist A.

If Receptors Becomes Less The Smaller Number Of

If receptors becomes less the smaller number of molecules of a working hormone will co-operate with a membrane of a nervous cage, and accordingly sensitivity a regulator *. Such phenomenon is observed at normal ageing But if with the years simply there was a reduction of number of aerials-receptors this phenomenon, in essence, would be irreversible: in it it would be expressed In such less and more inert cage processes of an exchange of substance are slowed down and, in particular, manufacture of albuminous aerials-receptors on a membrane decreases. To us can object that such two-level process at which the quantity and then thereof there is a decrease in number of aerials-receptors in the beginning decreases, essentially does not change anything. Remains not clear not only why the number of receptors decreases, but also there is a new question: why concentration decreases? Now it is possible to explain it only to one: such decrease "is planned" genetically as, for example, concentration decrease in leads to age deenergizing of genital function in a female organism, or to a climax - to natural display of ageing.

Thus, It Turns Out That If The Life

Thus, it turns out that if the life is possible only at observance of stability of the internal environment development and growth cannot be carried out without infringement of the law of stability. It is possible to express this position also as follows: at higher organisms it is necessary to combine simultaneously and in one rest and movement - the rest of the internal environment providing stability of an organism, and the movement giving development. It is possible to assume that such combination completely opposite requirements is carried out at the expense of self-development systems. In other words, the systems providing stability, that is protection against an external world, all time should develop, increasing the capacity; only regulation preservation in moving system in this case can be provided. Most visually it can be tracked on the basis of those changes which are observed in a female organism during pregnancy. These changes are especially obvious in second half of pregnancy when the weight of a fruit quickly increases.

The Term " " Not Only On Sounding,

The term " " not only on sounding, but to a certain extent and under the maintenance is close to a word "thermostat". And it is not casual. Just as it takes place in the thermostat intended for maintenance of certain temperature, in power, adaptable and reproductive there is also a mechanism by which corresponding property, or function is regulated. But regulation this special. If activity of classical cybernetic systems is usually directed on constancy maintenance in controllable system as it, for example, takes place in the thermostat in power, adaptable and reproductive there is a self-development increasing capacity of these systems according to requirements of development of an organism. Therefore spontaneous than system would be more correct to name a dynamo-cybernetic. To keep, for example, stability of temperature in this or that system, sensitivity of a regulator to temperature change should remain a constant. In the thermostat as soon as the temperature will reach the set limit, there is a necessary influence on a regulator that leads to deenergizing of system of heating.

1). The Second Level Of Regulation - -

1). The second level of regulation - - is created by hormones. Hormones - the special substances developed in glands; arriving in blood, they influence activity of cages sensitive to them. Action of hormones, for example, such glands as adrenal glands and parathyroid glands, first of all it is directed on performance of the law of a constancy of the internal environment. If to recollect that initially the life has arisen in the water environment should admire that the structure and concentration of the salts (ions) washing a cage, almost precisely correspond to the salt environment of the World ocean in the period when in the course of evolution the structure of a modern cage was created. During millions and millions years the structure of cages remains to constants, despite their so difficult transformations to specialised fabrics and bodies during the further evolution of wildlife. Concentration in the calcium and phosphorus blood, supervised mainly parathyroid glands, concentration of sodium and , supervised mainly adrenal glands, is strictly protected during all life of an individual.

In Norm When The Maintenance Of A Working

In norm when the maintenance of a working hormone in blood is constant, gland is quiet: receptors-aerials of its cages to necessary degree are sated by hormone 1. Now, when concentration of a hormone a1 has decreased, partially these the recipe are released from a working hormone. Braking influence of a working hormone on development by gland a hormone supervising activity of gland And stops. Therefore gland Would send to gland And the envoy - hormone 1 which stimulates to activity hormone A.Produktsija's gland a1 increases. When concentration of working hormone 1 will increase to norm, it fills necessary number of free receptors-aerials on a membrane of cages of regulating gland of B.Voznikaet a signal that it is time to cease to stimulate gland And as the constancy of the internal environment (in this case concentration of a hormone a1 in blood) is restored to work. As a result stimulation of working gland by a regulator decreases and established balance. When again there will be a level decrease in blood of a working hormone, gland-regulator braking will stop.

The Example Is Especially Convincing That, On The

The example is especially convincing that, on the one hand, puberty should be somehow detained till that time while development and body growth will end, and with another - puberty possesses the evident lines characterising increase of capacity of reproductive system. If to recollect the general principle of work self-regulated systems, it is easy to understand that puberty cannot be caused primary strengthening of capacity working glands - sexual gland. Otherwise the increase in production of sexual hormones completely would brake regulator-gipotalamusa activity according to the mechanism of a negative feedback. It would eliminate possibility and regulations and developments. Hence, the puberty mechanism should be connected with changes of a condition of the regulator, that is . So it also is. In a number of researches it has been shown that the sensitivity threshold changes during all life. Soon after a birth possesses the maximum sensitivity to braking action of sexual hormones. Therefore the sexual centre during this period is braked by that small amount of sexual hormones which are already developed by an unripe organism.

) But Here Struggle Against Its Big Power Consumption

) But here struggle against its big power consumption is finished. The restoration phase begins. through the centre of thermoregulation being in it strengthens . Skin vessels extend, increases , and at a dog who has some no glands, the short wind and language almost develops falls out of a mouth, increasing evaporation. All it protects an organism from excessive overheating, possible owing to intensive combustion of fat acids and glucose during struggle. Surplus of the fat acids, which intensive mobilisation it was so necessary in the power relation, serves in restoration by raw materials for cholesterol synthesis. This circumstance has very much great value as in the period is necessary "repair" of the damaged fabrics at the expense of cell fission. At the same time the cover - a membrane which skeleton contains a lot of cholesterol is necessary to each new cage. So, exchange shift at stress towards strengthened use of fat acids is not only maintenance of energy needs, but also a way of savings and restoration of stocks of glucose.

So, Development From A Unicell To Multicellular Specialised

So, development from a unicell to multicellular specialised organisms is not simply quantitative transition from one cage to set of cages. It is qualitatively new transition from a life of "one" to a system life. In this process there was a submission of a life of the metaphyte allocated stabilising with systems, as to the general laws of work of any other control systems, and the special requirements defined by the law of a deviation of a homeostasis. Occurrence in the course of evolution of higher organisms with their spontaneous systems has limited influence of the factors causing death from the external reasons. It has made possible perfection of forms of a life. But simultaneously realisation of the law of a deviation of a homeostasis finally leads to the illnesses not compatible to unlimited continuation of a life of a separate individual. As a result dominating value was got by death from the internal reasons. Without intervention in these biological laws the basic illnesses of higher organisms, for these illnesses - heavy, but quite comprehensible payment for the perfection reached in the course of evolution cannot be completely eliminated.

Having Taken All It Into Consideration, It Is

Having taken all it into consideration, it is necessary to recognise: the deviation from the law of a constancy of the internal environment is that programmed "illness of a pregnant organism" without which fruit development is impossible. After all normally to develop, the fruit should be provided by "a building material" - it and is delivered as a result - the described shifts. And a material of it it is required much as for rather short term from one impregnated cage billions cages of again generated organism are reproduced. Probably, it occurs on such approximately to the scheme. Obligatory part of each cage - cholesterol. It enters into a skeleton of a cover of a cage - a cellular membrane. The majority of kinds of cages cannot is independent synthesise so much cholesterol, how many it is necessary for cover construction, and these cages receive cholesterol from a liver. Capacity of a liver of a fruit is still small, it does not provide requirements of quickly increasing cellular weight.